This thesis describes the daily work of nurse middle managers at the frontline of patient care in general hospitals. Their clinical leadership is of the upmost importance in hospitals. It contributes to continuous quality improvement, patient safety practices, patient centeredness, support of nursing staff and the continuity of the organization. Literature on ‘professionals in the lead’, shows that healthcare managers with a clinical background are in advantageous positions compared to managers with no clinical background. However, being a ‘professional in the lead’ has some disadvantages as well. We explore the advantages and disadvantages of having a clinical nursing background for the emergence of clinical leadership in a middle management position in a general hospital. We explore which dispositions, that originate from their clinical nursing background, help or hinder and contribute (or not) to their clinical leadership, in areas such as, support of the nursing team, realizing patient safety or patient centeredness. The research questions are:

1. What do nurse middle managers do in their daily work?
2. What is their contribution to safe and patient-centred care?
3. How do nurse middle managers create value for employee and organisation?
4. What dispositions help and which hinder?
5. What could support nurse managers in further develop their contributions to create patient, employee, and organisation value?

The research design is based on Mintzberg’s managerial work and behaviour approach and on ethnography, to describe nurse managers’ daily work. We shadowed sixteen nurse middle managers during their work activities. They worked in four different hospitals (in the Netherlands and two in the United States). In each hospital four nurse middle managers were shadowed for four days per person. This led to 560 hours of observation, 2490 pages of field notes and 61 hours of audio fragments. Additionally, we conducted document analysis, member checks and semi structured interviews. During data analysis we used a variety of ‘sensitizing concepts’, such as Bourdieu’s concepts of ‘dispositions of habitus’, ‘field’, ‘capital’. The data analysis has been both inductively developed, and theoretically based.

We conclude that nurse middle managers can play a crucial and not-to-be underestimated role at the frontline of care. They can enhance safe, high quality and patient-centred care, support for nurses, and organizational continuity and performance. This requires a specific leadership practice: that of clinical leadership as blended care. This emerging leadership practice is characterized by curbing the urge to care, an investigative stance, ‘heads-on’ patient-centeredness, context-based practice, teaming, and collaborative organizational learning. The challenge now is to create an overall upgrade of nurse managers’ and clinical nurses’ educational levels through a dual track curriculum that focusses on both clinical and organizational aspects of daily hospital work, with shadowing as a potential strong experimental learning tool in the development of clinical leadership practices. Future research should focus on mixed-methods and practice-based studies to decipher in more detail the working elements of leader and leadership development programs and their impact on patient care and hospital performance.

Main conclusions

Nurse managers can play a crucial role at the frontline of care in enhancing patient safety, patient centered care and support for staff nurses. In order to do so they need to develop ‘leadership as blended care’ which requires to curb ad-hoc and reactive behavior, triggered by their caring disposition. A scientific disposition enables them to curb this caring disposition and contributes to a more investigative stance and a ‘heads-on’ patient centered leadership practice. This stance can be further developed through peer-to-peer shadowing.

Main recommendations

• An overall upgrade of nurses and nurse managers educational level is recommended for.
• More dual track curricula for nurses and nurse managers which focus on both clinical and organizational aspects of daily hospital work.
• Nurse managers should develop a ‘heads-on’ patient centered leadership practice
• Incorporate peer-to-peer shadowing as technique for clinical leadership development in both undergraduate and graduate curricula and leadership programs

Leiderschap van verpleegkundig managers in de frontlinie van algemene ziekenhuizen is essentieel in de zorg voor patiënten. Deze managers kunnen in de klinische praktijk bij uitstek bijdragen aan kwalitatief hoogwaardige, veilige en patiëntgerichte zorg, via het ondersteunen van verpleegkundigen en hun optreden elders in de organisatie.

Dit proefschrift onderzoekt het dagelijkse werk van deze managers. Duidelijk wordt welke neigingen (disposities), die voortkomen uit hun verpleegkundige achtergrond, hen helpen of in de weg zitten bij hun leiderschap. De analyse laat verschillen zien. Sommige managers werken, gedreven door hun zorgdispositie, hands-on mee in de frontlinie en hebben weinig aandacht voor wat buiten de klapdeuren van de afdeling plaatsvindt. Anderen raken, door diezelfde zorgdispositie, losgezongen van de zorgpraktijk en zien amper patiënten meer: hands-off. Beide situaties dragen niet optimaal bij aan zorg voor patiënten. De beoogde bijdrage is optimaal als het de managers lukt om hun zorgneiging en hun gewoonte om ad hoc te oordelen, op te schorten. Zij ontwikkelen een onderzoekende houding en ‘heads-on’ patiëntgerichtheid. Deze leiderschapspraktijk noemen we: klinisch leiderschap als blend van zorg. Het verwijst naar een dagelijkse werkpraktijk waarin de managers ‘organiseer-werk’ combineren met ‘zorg-werk’. Dat waarborgt dat het organisatiewerk ook dienend is voor het zorgwerk.

De uitdaging voor de komende jaren is te investeren in opleidingen van verpleegkundigen én verpleegkundig managers. De focus moet liggen op duale leerwegen waarin aandacht is voor, én de klinische én de organisatorische aspecten van het zorgwerk. Een verkennende studie liet zien dat naar verwachting peer-to-peer shadowing een krachtig instrument is voor de ontwikkeling van klinisch leiderschap als blend van zorg.